I used to be a Conservative rabbinical student. I switched to Modern Orthodoxy.
I originally became a Conservative rabbinical student because I wanted to perpetuate a certain kind of religious life. I wanted to build community that was committed to halachah, committed to deepening spiritual awareness, committed to learning Torah, and working to make the world more justly and compassionately run. I wanted to study and teach Torah with the freedom to see it as having been written and formed by human beings; the freedom to see Torah tradition in a broader world context. I wanted to be able to serve as a spiritual guide, counselor and teacher in a community that would care about those things, but in an atmosphere that would not support fundamentalism, racism, sexism, homophobia, or any other kind of small-mindedness that too often accompanies traditional religious community.
After a while, I started to feel like it was only fellow rabbinical students and rabbis who really shared that commitment to open-minded traditional living. Most of the rabbinical students, as intelligent as they were, came in with no previous exposure to Talmud or Midrash or commentators. Some of them still had trouble leading minchah or shacharit in their second or fourth years of rab school. Laypeople who called themselves "Conservative" would not prioritize learning Hebrew well enough to read a Jewish text. They would get indignant towards my own halachic observance. They felt uncomfortable with my wearing a kippah and tzitzit, with my not driving or answering the phone on Shabbat, or with my eating only at kosher restaurants. They would rarely go to a synagogue, but if they did, then it had to be egalitarian! I have met a handful of traditionally observant lay Conservative Jews, but they're few and far between.
I also strongly disagree with the ways that the Conservative movement has tended to respond to its lay constituency's lack of Jewish education or commitment to halachah. Because too many people felt uncomfortable in an all-Hebrew Torah reading, they diminished it to a triennial cycle. Because the services were too long, and people felt uncomfortable with them, musaf is almost never heard in Conservative shuls anymore; it's always the hechi kedushah. People feel uncomfortable with Kohanim and Leviim always getting the first two aliyot because it's heirarchical, even though Kohanim and Leviim have absolutely no power over anyone in the community. Kohanim have the two heirarchical, patriarchal, dynastic priveleges of blessing the congregation and of being limited as to who they can marry. Leviim have the royal privelege of pouring water over the hands of the kohanim. This makes people uncomfortable, so they do away with yet one more millennia-old tradition.
If Jews are uncomfortable with Judaism, diminishing Judaism so as to cater to that discomfort is not a justifiable solution. Education, acculturation, and the familiarity that comes with personal experience and relevance are all that can effectively mitigate that discomfort.
I started to feel that my concern with traditional living and halachic observance was only relevant in the Orthodox world.
I've also come to find that being narrow or open-minded, intellectually honest or not, sexist or not, bigoted or not, has nothing to do with denominational affiliation. I know plenty of Orthodox feminists who are accomplished scholars, and I know plenty of Reform and Conservative racists and homophobes. I know Conservative women who assume that it's the norm for women to take their husbands' names in marriage, for women to do more of the housework, that men must be high-powered and "successful", but despite all this, call Orthodox Jews sexist because they daven with mechitzas.
And I also know plenty of self-styled Conservative Jewish women who work on Saturdays and eat Domino's pizza, but demand that they be counted in the minyan. I have no problem with a woman being counted in a minyan, except that to see it as a matter of "counting" or "recognition" without taking into account the halachic structure of Judaism undermines the importance of the minyan itself. Women are not traditionally counted in the minyan (which, I of course agree, unfairly diminishes their standing in the religious community in some serious ways) because of their level of halachic obligation. If Conservative women wish to voluntarily take on the obligations to the time-bound commandments of saying the Shma, wearing t'filin and tzitzit, praying three times daily, etc. then, as according to Rabbi Joel Roth's ruling, they can be counted in the minyan. The problem is with women who demand to be "counted" without accepting the whole paradigm of halachic obligation in the first place. Egalitarian traditional davening is fine for rabbis and rabbinical students, but in the average Conservative shul, where the majority of congregants don't think in terms of halachah, it's halachically problematic.
David Golinkin allows women to be counted in the minyan by going back to the rishonim, saying that women already have a d'oraita obligation to pray the amidah, and therefore, their obligation is equal to that of a man. As for their not being obligated to say Shma, he says that there is no mitzvah to hear the shma, and that kriyat shma is an individual obligation. A shaliach tzibbur cannot discharge the congregants of their obligation to say the Shma or its blessings. As Conservative halachah, which does not hold by the concept of "halacha kevatrai" (the law goes according to the latest authority), this is a perfectly valid ruling. It does not work for Orthodoxy. An Orthodox woman would have to take Joel Roth's route in order to be counted in the minyan.
If enough Orthodox women start demanding to be counted in the minyan, and to take on the time-bound mitzvot traditionally binding upon men, then it will be time for Orthodox rabbis to start moving in a more egalitarian direction. So far, Orthodox feminists are looking for less halachically drastic ways to achieve equal respect, even if not necessarily equal ritual obligation. Women are also being trained as Torah scholars and yo'atzot, who function in similar roles to rabbis in most ways already (teaching Torah, counseling, answering halachic questions); taking that a step further is only a matter of time.
So instead of a Jewish movement whose rabbinic leaders embrace halachah and traditional learning, but whose laity does not, I've decided that I'll be more relevant in a community where Torah learning and Torah living are for everyone. Rabbis are not like Catholic priests, who take vows and live lifestyles that their parishioners don't. Rabbis are simply ordinary Jewish people, who have studied a great deal of Torah, and are able to interpret and teach to their communities.
I don't have to work outside Orthodoxy in order to keep an open and critical mind towards what I study. I don't have to work outside of traditional Judaism in order to fight hate, misogyny, and other kinds of prejudice. I also won't have to put up with truncated Torah readings, microphones on Shabbat, or musical instruments that I don't feel have a place in a Jewish prayer setting. I can be religious, traditional, open-minded, and relevant, all at once.
Sunday, July 15, 2007
Tuesday, June 19, 2007
Jewish culture...? Intermarriage...?
1) Jewish culture based on institutions sucks, and is bound to fail.
2) Jewish culture must exist organically on a communal level.
3) Prioritizing full-time education funding, above all else, is the only way to make Jewish culture real.
I just read an article in Haaretz (http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/872270.html). Its views are much further to the left than mine are, and I find his way of equating Hamas and the early Zionists dangerously simplistic, and his way of legitimizing Hamas as a Palestinian political force is dangerously and stupidly naive. Still, I agree with his view that racism is a serious problem in Israel. I also think that his article illustrated an important point about the concept of Am Yisrael and being culturally Jewish.
The writer was disturbed by an interview with a woman who worked for the Jewish Agency for Israel on the topic of Jewish assimilation. He feels that the whole endeavor of trying to get Jews to exclusively marry Jews is both racist and ultimately pointless. He argues that there is no benefit in having people maintain a genetically Jewish bloodline if they have no intention of living a traditional Jewish lifestyle. If a "Jewish" boy, raised with no knowledge of Judaism or interest in it, living in Argentina, marries a Catholic, where is the tragedy in that? Judaism is a religion, and he's not keeping it and wasn't raised with it. He would not have raised Torah-educated, mitzvah-observant children anyway. And what does that woman from the Jewish Agency have to offer that Argentinian boy? Not Judaism, certainly; she is not an observant or traditionally educated Jew to begin with. All she can offer him is Zionism and a connection with Israel, which, he says, is not an essential ingredient of Jewish identity, particularly in the Diaspora.
But if only it were as simple as to say that he is ignoring the importance of Jewish peoplehood! His points, as much as I dislike them, have a kernel of truth to them. Very few people of Jewish decent today are culturally Jewish. Israelis speak Hebrew as their native language and have Jewish holidays as national holidays. Their foods are Jewish renditions of foods that they or their great-grandparents brought in with them from their home countries, then made Israeli. Their customs are holdovers from a religious past in their families. They're culturally Jewish because Jewish culture is all around them, organically. But culture isn't sacred. It's important in helping to construct norms and personal identity in social context, but far less defining of human purpose, and meaning of existence. Religion is a way of cultivating spiritual awareness through ritual and community. Religion is intentional. Culture is incidental.
Religious Jews outside Israel keep Judaism alive through their lifestyle; the customs and holidays of the Jewish people are not just cultural keepsakes, but spiritually motivated, and obligatory practices. Whether they eat lockshen kugel, shishlik, chummus, or kneidlach; whether they speak Yiddish or Hebrew or Farsi- or not- is not what keeps them Jewish. It's Shabbat, kashrut, Torah study, tfilah, tzedakkah, and every other mitzvah that guides their lives and the lives of their families and communities. The rest is just icing on the cake.
So what about chilonim (non-religious Jews) who live in the Americas, Europe, etc? People who may call themselves "culturally Jewish," because they eat matzah balls once or twice a year (and sushi once or twice a week)? Are we doing them any good by trying to shove a Jewish identity, discarded over the generations, down their throats?
And we panic over intermarriage rates! If there is no tangible Jewish culture in an individual's life, there is no reason to marry only Jewish. Widespread intermarriage is not the problem. It is the natural consequence of people of Jewish heritage not living Jewish lives.
Let's not worry about intermarried couples. Let's stop getting in their faces. Intermarriage isn't the problem, it's a symptom. Let's not change Judaism because of widespread intermarriage either. Instead, let's focus on making Jewish culture and Judaism alive in the lay community. That means that the Jewish lay community, Orthodox or not, Israeli or not, must be fluent in Hebrew and Torah educated. Without a living spoken common language, there is no living culture. Without the ability to read Tanach, Talmud, Midrash, etc. independently, lay Jews aren't independent, and rabbis are just window dressing. Judaism needs to be something that Jews are immersed in for it to be part of them. Unless it's part of them, it's an institutionally imposed artifice. Aside from charity and other social justice work, funding for full-time Jewish education (day schools and yeshivas) must be the target of all Jewish communal efforts, across the denominational spectrum.
2) Jewish culture must exist organically on a communal level.
3) Prioritizing full-time education funding, above all else, is the only way to make Jewish culture real.
I just read an article in Haaretz (http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/872270.html). Its views are much further to the left than mine are, and I find his way of equating Hamas and the early Zionists dangerously simplistic, and his way of legitimizing Hamas as a Palestinian political force is dangerously and stupidly naive. Still, I agree with his view that racism is a serious problem in Israel. I also think that his article illustrated an important point about the concept of Am Yisrael and being culturally Jewish.
The writer was disturbed by an interview with a woman who worked for the Jewish Agency for Israel on the topic of Jewish assimilation. He feels that the whole endeavor of trying to get Jews to exclusively marry Jews is both racist and ultimately pointless. He argues that there is no benefit in having people maintain a genetically Jewish bloodline if they have no intention of living a traditional Jewish lifestyle. If a "Jewish" boy, raised with no knowledge of Judaism or interest in it, living in Argentina, marries a Catholic, where is the tragedy in that? Judaism is a religion, and he's not keeping it and wasn't raised with it. He would not have raised Torah-educated, mitzvah-observant children anyway. And what does that woman from the Jewish Agency have to offer that Argentinian boy? Not Judaism, certainly; she is not an observant or traditionally educated Jew to begin with. All she can offer him is Zionism and a connection with Israel, which, he says, is not an essential ingredient of Jewish identity, particularly in the Diaspora.
But if only it were as simple as to say that he is ignoring the importance of Jewish peoplehood! His points, as much as I dislike them, have a kernel of truth to them. Very few people of Jewish decent today are culturally Jewish. Israelis speak Hebrew as their native language and have Jewish holidays as national holidays. Their foods are Jewish renditions of foods that they or their great-grandparents brought in with them from their home countries, then made Israeli. Their customs are holdovers from a religious past in their families. They're culturally Jewish because Jewish culture is all around them, organically. But culture isn't sacred. It's important in helping to construct norms and personal identity in social context, but far less defining of human purpose, and meaning of existence. Religion is a way of cultivating spiritual awareness through ritual and community. Religion is intentional. Culture is incidental.
Religious Jews outside Israel keep Judaism alive through their lifestyle; the customs and holidays of the Jewish people are not just cultural keepsakes, but spiritually motivated, and obligatory practices. Whether they eat lockshen kugel, shishlik, chummus, or kneidlach; whether they speak Yiddish or Hebrew or Farsi- or not- is not what keeps them Jewish. It's Shabbat, kashrut, Torah study, tfilah, tzedakkah, and every other mitzvah that guides their lives and the lives of their families and communities. The rest is just icing on the cake.
So what about chilonim (non-religious Jews) who live in the Americas, Europe, etc? People who may call themselves "culturally Jewish," because they eat matzah balls once or twice a year (and sushi once or twice a week)? Are we doing them any good by trying to shove a Jewish identity, discarded over the generations, down their throats?
And we panic over intermarriage rates! If there is no tangible Jewish culture in an individual's life, there is no reason to marry only Jewish. Widespread intermarriage is not the problem. It is the natural consequence of people of Jewish heritage not living Jewish lives.
Let's not worry about intermarried couples. Let's stop getting in their faces. Intermarriage isn't the problem, it's a symptom. Let's not change Judaism because of widespread intermarriage either. Instead, let's focus on making Jewish culture and Judaism alive in the lay community. That means that the Jewish lay community, Orthodox or not, Israeli or not, must be fluent in Hebrew and Torah educated. Without a living spoken common language, there is no living culture. Without the ability to read Tanach, Talmud, Midrash, etc. independently, lay Jews aren't independent, and rabbis are just window dressing. Judaism needs to be something that Jews are immersed in for it to be part of them. Unless it's part of them, it's an institutionally imposed artifice. Aside from charity and other social justice work, funding for full-time Jewish education (day schools and yeshivas) must be the target of all Jewish communal efforts, across the denominational spectrum.
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